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Nutrition Science Hub · Multivitamins

Best multivitamin in India:
read the form, not the box.

Most multivitamin boxes in India list the same dozen vitamins. What sets the best multivitamin in India apart is the form of each one, the dose and an honest label. Here is why a daily multivitamin helps, the nutrient gaps most common in India, which vitamin forms your body uses best, and a simple checklist for choosing one, for men and women alike.

This guide is for education. A multivitamin supports a good diet; it does not replace food or treat a diagnosed deficiency. If you take regular medicines, are pregnant or have a health condition, ask your doctor before starting any supplement.

By Evo Hominus™Updated 14 min read
See the short answerHow to choose one
47%of adults tested in a North Indian study were low in vitamin B12
70–100%vitamin D deficiency reported across Indian studies
~2 yearsslower memory and thinking ageing with a daily multivitamin in pooled US trials
~11×higher blood thiamine from benfotiamine than from standard thiamine

Best multivitamin in India: the short answer

The Short Answer

Which Indian multivitamin is best?

The best multivitamin in India for daily use gives active forms your body uses easily, such as methylcobalamin, methylfolate and P5P, at amounts close to India’s ICMR-NIN 2020 needs. It prints every ingredient with its exact dose, adds iron only when you need it, and carries an FSSAI licence number.

A multivitamin is not about megadoses. It is a steady daily floor under a good diet, so the small gaps that most Indian diets leave, such as vitamin B12, vitamin D and folate, never get the chance to grow. The two things that decide whether it works are which form of each vitamin it uses and whether you take it every day.

Why take a multivitamin every day?

The Short Answer

Why should I take a multivitamin every day?

Because most people fall short on a few vitamins even when they eat well. A daily multivitamin fills those gaps every day instead of waiting for a blood test to show a deficiency. In pooled US trials, older adults who took one daily kept sharper memory, by about two years of ageing, than those on placebo.

Busy workdays, polished rice and maida, little sunlight in offices, and vegetarian diets low in B12 all leave small, steady gaps. The US National Institutes of Health notes that people whose diets fall short, including strict vegetarians, might benefit from a multivitamin, and that adults over 50 should get B12 from supplements or fortified foods because absorbing it from food gets harder with age.1

The strongest recent research is on the brain. Three large US trials, called COSMOS, gave about 5,000 older adults a daily multivitamin or a placebo for two to three years. Pooled together, the multivitamin group had better memory and overall thinking scores, the equivalent of about two years less cognitive ageing.2

Our guide for daily vitamins for working professionals covers the desk-job angle in detail.

The nutrient gaps most common in India

The Short Answer

What are the top 3 vitamins for men?

For Indian men, the top three to watch are vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate (vitamin B9). Indian studies report vitamin D deficiency in 70–100% of people, low B12 in about half of adults tested in North India, and low folate in about a third of adolescents. Women share these gaps and often need iron too.

India has good data on a few vitamins, and the picture is clear: the same handful of gaps shows up again and again.

Common nutrient gaps in India and who is most at risk
NutrientWhat Indian data showMost at risk
Vitamin B1247% low in a North Indian study3Vegetarians, people on metformin or acid reducers, adults over 50
Vitamin D70–100% deficient across Indian studies4Office workers, people who cover up outdoors, older adults
Folate (vitamin B9)35.6% of adolescents low in the national CNNS survey5Teenagers, women planning pregnancy, low-vegetable diets
Iron (anaemia)57% of women and 25% of men aged 15–49 anaemic6Menstruating and pregnant women

These are the reasons a multivitamin made for India should lead with B12, vitamin D and folate in active forms, and treat iron as a separate, test-led decision. Read more in our guides to vitamin B12 deficiency in India and vitamin D deficiency in India.

Multivitamin benefits: what each nutrient supports

The Short Answer

What are the benefits of a daily multivitamin?

A daily multivitamin helps you meet your needs for vitamins that support energy, immunity, mood, skin, hair and bones. B vitamins contribute to normal energy-yielding metabolism and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, vitamins C and D to normal immune function, and vitamin D and K to normal bones.

These are the roles that European food law allows supplements to describe, because the science behind them is firm.7

Common goals and the vitamins that support them
GoalVitaminsWhat they contribute to
EnergyB2, B3, B5, B6, B12, CNormal energy-yielding metabolism and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue
ImmunityC, D, B6, B12, folateNormal function of the immune system
Mood and focusB1, B3, B6, B12, folate, CNormal psychological function
Skin and hairBiotin, B2, B3, CMaintenance of normal skin; biotin also normal hair; vitamin C normal collagen formation
BonesD, KMaintenance of normal bones
Cell protectionC, E, B2Protection of cells from oxidative stress

A multivitamin supports these normal functions. It is not a stimulant and does not replace sleep, food or exercise.

What a complete multivitamin should contain

The Short Answer

What should a complete multivitamin actually contain?

All eight B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, biotin, folate and B12), vitamin C, vitamin D3, vitamin E and vitamin K2, each at an amount close to India’s daily need. Iron belongs only where a blood test shows you need it, and bulky minerals such as magnesium need their own product.

  • The full B-complex. The eight B vitamins work as a team in turning food into energy and keeping nerves and blood healthy, so a complete formula covers all eight.
  • Vitamins C, D3, E and K2. Vitamin C for immunity and collagen, D3 for bones and immunity, E for cell protection and K2 for bones.
  • Doses near India’s needs. Under FSSAI’s 2022 rules, a health supplement may give up to one RDA of each vitamin or mineral per day, based on ICMR-NIN 2020 values.8,9 More is not better.
  • Magnesium on its own. India’s magnesium need is 440 mg for men and 370 mg for women. In a well-absorbed form such as magnesium glycinate that takes about three tablets on its own, which is why no single multivitamin tablet can carry a full day of magnesium. Read how much magnesium per day.

Why the form of each vitamin matters

The Short Answer

What is the difference between a standard and a bioavailable multivitamin?

The form of each vitamin. Standard multivitamins use cheap forms such as cyanocobalamin, folic acid and pyridoxine, which your body must convert first. Bioavailable multivitamins use active forms such as methylcobalamin, methylfolate and P5P, which skip those steps, plus benfotiamine for B1 and MK-7 for vitamin K2.

Two labels can list the same vitamins and still be very different products. Most vitamins come in several chemical forms, and research has measured real differences between them:

  • Vitamin B1: benfotiamine. In a study of healthy volunteers, benfotiamine raised blood thiamine about 11 times higher than standard thiamine hydrochloride.10
  • Vitamin K2: MK-7. MK-7 stays in the blood for days, with a half-life of about three days.11 In a head-to-head study, a daily 60 mcg dose of the other form, MK-4, could not even be detected in blood, while MK-7 raised blood levels.12
  • Vitamin B6: P5P. P5P is the active form of B6. Standard pyridoxine needs an extra slow step that depends on vitamin B2, and in lab tests high levels of pyridoxine, not P5P, blocked active B6 and harmed nerve cells.13
  • Folate: methylfolate. Methylfolate (L-5-MTHF) is the form that circulates in your blood. It needs no conversion through the MTHFR enzyme, which works more slowly in some people, and it does not leave unused folic acid behind.14
  • Vitamin B12: methylcobalamin. Methylcobalamin is one of the two forms your cells use directly. Older human studies found the body kept less of the cheaper cyanocobalamin than of the natural forms.15
  • Vitamin D3 from lichen. Most vitamin D3 is made from lanolin, the grease in sheep’s wool. Lichen gives the same D3 molecule with no animal source.16
Standard vs active vitamin forms: what to look for on the label
VitaminStandard form (cheaper)Active or better-absorbed form
Vitamin B1Thiamine hydrochloride or mononitrateBenfotiamine
Vitamin B2RiboflavinRiboflavin-5′-phosphate
Vitamin B6Pyridoxine hydrochloridePyridoxal-5′-phosphate (P5P)
Folate (B9)Folic acidMethylfolate (L-5-MTHF)
Vitamin B12CyanocobalaminMethylcobalamin
Vitamin D3D3 from lanolin (sheep’s wool)D3 from lichen (vegan)
Vitamin K2K1, MK-4 or noneMK-7

Chelated minerals follow the same idea. In a mineral chelate such as magnesium glycinate, the mineral is bound to an amino acid, which makes it gentle on the stomach. Our guide to folic acid vs methylfolate explains the folate story in full.

Multivitamin for men vs women: what really differs

The Short Answer

Is there a real difference between a multivitamin for men and one for women?

Mostly in a few nutrients. Indian women need 29 mg of iron a day against 19 mg for men, and much more folate in pregnancy. Men need more vitamin B6 and magnesium. The B vitamins, vitamins C, D, E and K are needed in similar amounts by both.

Where needs differ

  • Iron: 29 mg a day for women, 19 mg for men9
  • Folate: 220 mcg a day for women, 570 mcg in pregnancy; WHO advises 400 mcg of folic acid daily before conception9,17
  • Vitamin B6: 1.9 mg for women and less active men, 2.4 mg for moderately active men
  • Magnesium: 440 mg for men, 370 mg for women

Where needs are shared

  • Vitamin B12: 2.2 mcg a day for both
  • Vitamin D: 600 IU a day for both adults under 60
  • The rest of the B-complex and vitamins C, E and K in similar amounts
  • Active forms work the same way in every body

So the best multivitamin for men in India looks much like the best one for women: the same active vitamins, no iron unless a test shows a need, and a separate magnesium product to reach 440 mg a day.

Iron is the one nutrient where a fixed dose for everyone goes wrong: many women need it, most adult men and women after menopause do not. That is why iron is best decided by a ferritin test. Read why a daily multivitamin may not need iron and our multivitamin guide for women in India.

Multivitamins for vegetarians

The Short Answer

Which multivitamin is best for vegetarians?

One that gives vitamin B12 as methylcobalamin, because B12 comes almost only from animal foods, and vitamin D3 from lichen rather than lanolin from sheep’s wool. Check that the capsule or tablet itself is vegetarian, and look for the green dot on the pack.

India has one of the largest vegetarian populations in the world, and B12 is the gap that follows a vegetarian diet most closely. A vegetarian capsule around lanolin-based D3 is not a fully vegetarian product, so check the D3 source too. See our guide to multivitamins for vegetarians in India.

Is it safe to take a multivitamin every day?

The Short Answer

Are multivitamins safe to take daily?

Yes, for most healthy adults, when the doses are close to daily needs. The US National Institutes of Health says a basic multivitamin near recommended amounts should be safe for healthy people, and India caps each vitamin at one RDA per daily serving. Count other supplements and fortified foods so totals stay sensible.

  • Watch your totals. Adding a multivitamin to other supplements and fortified foods can push some vitamins above safe upper levels.1
  • Smokers: avoid products with large amounts of beta-carotene or vitamin A.1
  • Warfarin: vitamin K can change how warfarin works, so ask your doctor first.1
  • Pregnancy: use a product your doctor recommends; too much preformed vitamin A can harm the baby.1
  • Iron: take it only if a blood test shows you need it.

The longest trial ran for 11 years in 14,641 men taking a daily multivitamin, with no serious safety problems.18

How to choose the right multivitamin

The Short Answer

How to choose the right multivitamin?

Check the form of each vitamin, check that doses sit close to India’s daily needs, make sure every ingredient and dose is printed, decide on iron with a ferritin test, confirm the vegetarian status and D3 source, and look for an FSSAI licence number. Then take it every day.

  1. Check the form, not just the nameLook for methylcobalamin, methylfolate (L-5-MTHF), P5P and benfotiamine rather than cyanocobalamin, folic acid, pyridoxine and thiamine hydrochloride.
  2. Check the dosesEach vitamin should sit close to India’s ICMR-NIN 2020 daily need, not many times over it.
  3. Read every ingredient and doseA trustworthy label prints the exact amount of each nutrient. A “proprietary blend” hides amounts.
  4. Decide on iron with a testAsk for a ferritin test. Many women need iron; most men and women after menopause do not.
  5. Confirm vegetarian status and the D3 sourceLook for the green dot and for D3 from lichen if you avoid animal products.
  6. Look for an FSSAI licence and take it dailyCheck the licence number on the pack, then take it every day with a meal; consistency matters more than any single ingredient.
How Evo Hominus™ helps

Active forms, honest labels, made for India.

Everything on this page is the standard we build to: the forms your body uses, doses set against India’s own allowances, and every ingredient printed. Our first product starts with magnesium, the nutrient no multivitamin tablet can fit.

Magnesium Glycinate by Evo Hominus™

Launching first. 100% non-buffered, fully reacted magnesium bisglycinate: 440 mg of magnesium, India’s full daily need for men, from 3,667 mg of bisglycinate, with about 2.7 g of glycine and zero oxide. Magnesium contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal muscle function and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. Three tablets a day (two for women), best taken in the evening.

See Magnesium Glycinate →

Bioactive Multivitamin

Coming soon. Our daily multivitamin is in development. Join the waitlist to hear first when it launches.

Join the waitlist →

Element 5

Coming soon. A stress and recovery formula is in development.

Join the waitlist →

Nutrient Gap Finder

Answer a few quick questions about your food, routine and symptoms to see which nutrients you may be running low on, and which tests to ask your doctor about.

Try the Nutrient Gap Finder →

Claims are ingredient-based and not specific to any product. Details of each study are in “About the studies” just below.

About the studies
  • The COSMOS trials were in older US adults (mostly 60 and over) taking a standard multivitamin for two to three years; the benefit was clearest for memory.2 A separate study following 390,124 US adults for over 20 years found daily multivitamin users did not live longer than non-users; the authors say people with real nutrient gaps need more study.19
  • The 11-year trial was in US male doctors aged 50 and over; rashes and nosebleeds were slightly more common on the multivitamin.18
  • The B12 figure comes from one North Indian study; the vitamin D range comes from a review of many Indian studies with different cut-offs; the folate figure is for adolescents, not adults.3,4,5
  • The benfotiamine result is a single-dose blood study in healthy volunteers. The MK-4 and MK-7 study was in healthy Japanese women. The B6 finding comes from lab cell studies.10,12,13
  • For most people the two B12 forms raise blood levels similarly; the retention difference comes from older, small studies.15
  • European approved claims describe what a nutrient does at adequate intakes; they are not claims to treat any illness.7
Questions

Daily multivitamins, answered plainly.

Why should I take a multivitamin every day?

Because small gaps in vitamins such as B12, D and folate are common in India even with a good diet. A daily multivitamin keeps your intake topped up every day. In pooled US trials, older adults on a daily multivitamin kept sharper memory, by about two years of ageing, than those on placebo.

What should a complete multivitamin actually contain?

All eight B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, biotin, folate and B12), vitamin C, vitamin D3, vitamin E and vitamin K2, at amounts close to India’s daily needs. Iron should be added only when a blood test shows you need it, and magnesium needs its own product because a full day’s amount does not fit in one tablet.

What is the difference between a standard and a bioavailable multivitamin?

The form of each vitamin. Standard tablets use folic acid, cyanocobalamin and pyridoxine, which the body must convert first. Bioavailable multivitamins use active or better-absorbed forms such as methylfolate, methylcobalamin, P5P, benfotiamine and MK-7, which research shows your body uses more directly.

Is there a real difference between a multivitamin for men and one for women?

Mainly in iron, folate, vitamin B6 and magnesium. Indian women need 29 mg of iron a day against 19 mg for men, and much more folate in pregnancy, while men need more B6 and magnesium. Most other vitamins are needed in similar amounts by both.

Can one multivitamin cover energy, immunity, hair, skin, nails, and stress?

It can support all of them, because they share the same vitamins. B vitamins contribute to normal energy-yielding metabolism and normal psychological function, vitamins C and D to normal immune function, and biotin and vitamin C to normal skin and hair. A multivitamin supports these normal functions; it does not replace sleep, food or exercise.

Is Evo Hominus™ fully suitable for vegetarians?

Yes. Our first product, Magnesium Glycinate by Evo Hominus™, is vegetarian, and every product we make states its vegetarian status clearly on the label.

What makes a multivitamin “without fillers”?

A label you can check: every nutrient named with its exact form and dose, no proprietary blends hiding amounts, and nothing added just to make the tablet look bigger or the ingredient list look longer.

Do vitamins actually help with focus, brain health, and metabolism?

Vitamins B6, B12 and folate contribute to normal psychological function, and B vitamins contribute to normal energy-yielding metabolism. In pooled US trials of about 5,000 older adults, a daily multivitamin was linked to better memory over two to three years. A multivitamin is not a stimulant and works best alongside sleep and a balanced diet.

What is the best daily multivitamin tablet in India?

One with active forms (methylcobalamin, methylfolate, P5P, benfotiamine, MK-7 and vegan D3), doses close to India’s ICMR-NIN 2020 needs, iron only if a ferritin test shows you need it, every ingredient and dose printed on the label, and an FSSAI licence number.

Why does a daily multivitamin matter more after 30?

Life after 30 often means longer desk hours, less sun and more stress, which raise the risk of low vitamin D and B12. Later, the skin makes less vitamin D and absorbing B12 from food gets harder, especially after 50. A daily multivitamin with vitamin D and active B12 helps keep up with those changes.

Can a multivitamin support muscle recovery and hormonal balance?

It supports the basics. Vitamin C contributes to normal collagen formation, B vitamins to normal energy-yielding metabolism, and vitamin B6 to the regulation of hormonal activity. For muscles, magnesium matters too: it contributes to normal muscle function and electrolyte balance, and needs its own product to reach a full day’s amount.

Which brand of multivitamin is the best?

Choose by the label, not the name. Look for active forms such as methylcobalamin, methylfolate and P5P, doses close to India’s daily needs, every ingredient and dose printed with no proprietary blends, iron only if you need it, a clear vegetarian status, and an FSSAI licence number.

Which multivitamin is safe for daily use?

One with doses close to your daily needs rather than megadoses. In India, FSSAI rules cap each vitamin and mineral in a health supplement at one RDA per day, which suits daily use. Count other supplements and fortified foods too, avoid high-dose vitamin A or beta-carotene if you smoke, and ask your doctor if you take warfarin or are pregnant.

What are the top 5 multivitamins for men in India?

Rather than brand names, the top multivitamins for men share five features: active B12 (methylcobalamin), vitamin D3 at about 600 IU, active folate and P5P, no iron unless a test shows a need, and every ingredient and dose printed with an FSSAI licence number. Men also need 440 mg of magnesium a day, which needs a separate product.

What is a good quality multivitamin?

One you can check: active vitamin forms, doses close to India’s ICMR-NIN 2020 needs, every ingredient and exact dose on the label, no proprietary blends, a clear vegetarian status and D3 source, an FSSAI licence number, and a certificate of analysis available from the brand on request.

Which Indian multivitamin is best?

The one that gives active forms your body uses easily, such as methylcobalamin, methylfolate and P5P, at amounts close to ICMR-NIN 2020 needs, adds iron only when you need it, prints every ingredient and dose, and carries an FSSAI licence number.

What are the top 10 multivitamins for men?

Any list of ten brands changes every year, so judge each one with ten checks: methylcobalamin for B12, methylfolate for folate, P5P for B6, benfotiamine for B1, vitamin D3 near 600 IU, MK-7 for vitamin K2, doses near India’s needs, no iron without a test, every dose printed, and an FSSAI licence number.

Are multivitamins safe to take daily?

Yes, for most healthy adults, when the doses are close to daily needs. The US National Institutes of Health says a basic multivitamin near recommended amounts should be safe for healthy people, and the longest trial ran for 11 years with no serious safety problems. Keep track of other supplements and fortified foods.

What are the top 3 vitamins for men?

For Indian men, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate (vitamin B9). Indian studies report vitamin D deficiency in 70–100% of people and low B12 in about half of adults tested in North India, and about a third of adolescents are low in folate. Among minerals, magnesium is the one to add.

How to choose the right multivitamin?

Check six things: the form of each vitamin, doses close to India’s daily needs, every ingredient and dose printed, iron decided by a ferritin test, the vegetarian status and D3 source, and an FSSAI licence number. Then take it every day with a meal.

What is the best multivitamin in India for daily use?

For daily use, choose a multivitamin with active forms (methylcobalamin, methylfolate, P5P), doses close to India’s ICMR-NIN 2020 needs rather than megadoses, no iron unless you need it, and a full, honest label with an FSSAI licence number. Take it every day with a meal.

Should I take a multivitamin with food?

Yes. Vitamins D, E and K dissolve in fat and are absorbed better with a meal that contains some fat, and food makes most multivitamins gentler on the stomach. Breakfast or lunch suits a multivitamin, which leaves the evening free for magnesium.
Sources

Studies behind this guide

  1. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Multivitamin/mineral Supplements — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. ods.od.nih.gov
  2. Vyas CM, Manson JE, Sesso HD, et al. Effect of multivitamin-mineral supplementation versus placebo on cognitive function: results from the clinic subcohort of the COSMOS randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of 3 cognitive studies within COSMOS. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024. DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.011
  3. Singla R, Garg A, Surana V, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency is endemic in Indian population: a perspective from North India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;23(2):211–4. PMID 31161105
  4. Ritu G, Gupta A. Vitamin D deficiency in India: prevalence, causalities and interventions. Nutrients. 2014;6(2):729–75. PMID 24566435
  5. Shalini T, et al. Serum vitamin B12 and folate in Indian children and adolescents, Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) 2016–18. Nutrients. 2023;15(13):3026. DOI 10.3390/nu15133026
  6. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019–21: India — anaemia in 57.0% of women and 25.0% of men aged 15–49.
  7. Commission Regulation (EU) No 432/2012 establishing a list of permitted health claims made on foods — vitamin entries.
  8. Food Safety and Standards (Health Supplements, Nutraceuticals, Food for Special Dietary Use, Food for Special Medical Purpose, Prebiotic and Probiotic Food) Regulations, 2022 — vitamins and minerals at least 15% of the ICMR RDA where a claim is made, and not exceeding one RDA. Summary: food.chemlinked.com
  9. ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition. Nutrient Requirements for Indians: Recommended Dietary Allowances and Estimated Average Requirements, 2020 — iron 19 mg men, 29 mg women; folate 220 mcg women (570 mcg pregnancy); B12 2.2 mcg; vitamin D 600 IU; vitamin B6 1.9–2.4 mg; magnesium 440 mg men, 370 mg women.
  10. Xie F, Cheng Z, Li S, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of benfotiamine and the bioavailability assessment compared to thiamine hydrochloride. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;54(6):688–95.
  11. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyák K, et al. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood. 2007;109(8):3279–83.
  12. Sato T, Schurgers LJ, Uenishi K. Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women. Nutr J. 2012;11:93. DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-11-93
  13. Vrolijk MF, Opperhuizen A, Jansen EHJM, et al. The vitamin B6 paradox: supplementation with high concentrations of pyridoxine leads to decreased vitamin B6 function. Toxicol In Vitro. 2017;44:206–12. PMID 28716455
  14. Scaglione F, Panzavolta G. Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing. Xenobiotica. 2014;44(5):480–8. PMID 24494987
  15. Paul C, Brady DM. Comparative bioavailability and utilization of particular forms of B12 supplements with potential to mitigate B12-related genetic polymorphisms. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2017;16(1):42–9.
  16. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (D3 from lanolin; vegan D3 from lichen; skin synthesis falls with age). ods.od.nih.gov
  17. World Health Organization. e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA): periconceptional folic acid supplementation — 400 µg folic acid daily from before conception until 12 weeks of pregnancy.
  18. Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Christen WG, et al. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308(18):1871–80 — 14,641 men aged 50 and over, median 11.2 years.
  19. Loftfield E, et al. Multivitamin use and mortality risk in 3 prospective US cohorts. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 (26 June) — 390,124 adults, more than 20 years of follow-up.
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